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vite原理剖析

一.什么是Vite?

法语Vite(轻量,轻快)vite 是一个基于 Vue3单文件组件的非打包开发服务器,它做到了本地快速开发启动, 实现按需编译,不再等待整个应用编译完成

面向现代浏览器,基于原生模块系统 ESModule 实现。webpack的开发环境很慢(开发时需要进行编译放到内存中)

二.vite的实现原理

我们先来总结下Vite的实现原理,vite在浏览器端使用 export import 的方式导入和导出模块,同时实现了按需加载。vite高度依赖module script特性

过程如下:

  • koa 中间件里获取请求 body
  • 通过 es-module-lexer 解析资源 ast 拿到 import 的内容
  • 判断 import 的资源是否是 npm 模块
  • 返回处理后的资源路径:"vue" => "/@modules/vue"

将处理的template,script,style等所需的依赖以http请求的形式,通过query参数形式区分并加载SFC文件各个模块内容。

三.手把手实现vite

1.安装依赖

npm install es-module-lexer koa koa-static magic-string
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  • koakoa-static vite内部使用koa进行编写
  • es-module-lexer 分析ES6import语法
  • magic-string 实现重写字符串内容

2.基本结构搭建

const Koa = require('koa');
function createServer() {
    const app = new Koa();
    const root = process.cwd();
    // 构建上下文对象
    const context = {
        app,
        root
    }
    app.use((ctx, next) => {
        // 扩展ctx属性
        Object.assign(ctx, context);
        return next();
    });
    const resolvedPlugins = [

    ];
    // 依次注册所有插件
    resolvedPlugins.forEach(plugin => plugin(context));
    return app;
}
createServer().listen(4000);
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3.静态服务配置

const {serveStaticPlugin} = require('./serverPluginServeStatic');
const resolvedPlugins = [
	serveStaticPlugin
];
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const path = require('path');
function serveStaticPlugin({app,root}){
    // 以当前根目录作为静态目录
    app.use(require('koa-static')(root));
    // 以public目录作为根目录
    app.use(require('koa-static')(path.join(root,'public')))
}
exports.serveStaticPlugin = serveStaticPlugin;
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让当前目录下的文件和public目录下的文件可以直接被访问

4.重写模块路径

const {moduleRewritePlugin} = require('./serverPluginModuleRewrite');
const resolvedPlugins = [
    moduleRewritePlugin,
    serveStaticPlugin
];
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const { readBody } = require("./utils");
const { parse } = require('es-module-lexer');
const MagicString = require('magic-string');
function rewriteImports(source) {
    let imports = parse(source)[0];
    const magicString = new MagicString(source);
    if (imports.length) {
        for (let i = 0; i < imports.length; i++) {
            const { s, e } = imports[i];
            let id = source.substring(s, e);
            if (/^[^\/\.]/.test(id)) {
                id = `/@modules/${id}`;
                // 修改路径增加 /@modules 前缀
                magicString.overwrite(s, e, id);
            }
        }
    }
    return magicString.toString();
}
function moduleRewritePlugin({ app, root }) {
    app.use(async (ctx, next) => {
        await next();
        // 对类型是js的文件进行拦截
        if (ctx.body && ctx.response.is('js')) {
            // 读取文件中的内容
            const content = await readBody(ctx.body);
            // 重写import中无法识别的路径
            const r = rewriteImports(content);
            ctx.body = r;
        }
    });
}
exports.moduleRewritePlugin = moduleRewritePlugin;
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js文件中的 import 语法进行路径的重写,改写后的路径会再次向服务器拦截请求

读取文件内容

const { Readable } = require('stream')
async function readBody(stream) {
    if (stream instanceof Readable) { // 
        return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
            let res = '';
            stream
                .on('data', (chunk) => res += chunk)
                .on('end', () => resolve(res));
        })
    }else{
        return stream.toString()
    }
}
exports.readBody = readBody
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5.解析 /@modules 文件

const {moduleResolvePlugin} = require('./serverPluginModuleResolve');
const resolvedPlugins = [
    moduleRewritePlugin,
    moduleResolvePlugin,
    serveStaticPlugin
];
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const fs = require('fs').promises;
const path = require('path');
const { resolve } = require('path');
const moduleRE = /^\/@modules\//; 
const {resolveVue} = require('./utils')
function moduleResolvePlugin({ app, root }) {
    const vueResolved = resolveVue(root)
    app.use(async (ctx, next) => {
        // 对 /@modules 开头的路径进行映射
        if(!moduleRE.test(ctx.path)){ 
            return next();
        }
        // 去掉 /@modules/路径
        const id = ctx.path.replace(moduleRE,'');
        ctx.type = 'js';
        const content = await fs.readFile(vueResolved[id],'utf8');
        ctx.body = content
    });
}
exports.moduleResolvePlugin = moduleResolvePlugin;
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将/@modules 开头的路径解析成对应的真实文件,返回给浏览器

const path = require('path');
function resolveVue(root) {
    const compilerPkgPath = path.resolve(root, 'node_modules', '@vue/compiler-sfc/package.json');
    const compilerPkg = require(compilerPkgPath);
    // 编译模块的路径  node中编译
    const compilerPath = path.join(path.dirname(compilerPkgPath), compilerPkg.main);
    const resolvePath = (name) => path.resolve(root, 'node_modules', `@vue/${name}/dist/${name}.esm-bundler.js`);
    // dom运行
    const runtimeDomPath = resolvePath('runtime-dom')
    // 核心运行
    const runtimeCorePath = resolvePath('runtime-core')
    // 响应式模块
    const reactivityPath = resolvePath('reactivity')
    // 共享模块
    const sharedPath = resolvePath('shared')
    return {
        vue: runtimeDomPath,
        '@vue/runtime-dom': runtimeDomPath,
        '@vue/runtime-core': runtimeCorePath,
        '@vue/reactivity': reactivityPath,
        '@vue/shared': sharedPath,
        compiler: compilerPath,
    }
}
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编译的模块使用commonjs规范,其他文件均使用es6模块

6.处理process的问题

浏览器中并没有process变量,所以我们需要在html中注入process变量

const {htmlRewritePlugin} = require('./serverPluginHtml');
const resolvedPlugins = [
    htmlRewritePlugin,
    moduleRewritePlugin,
    moduleResolvePlugin,
    serveStaticPlugin
];
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const { readBody } = require("./utils");
function htmlRewritePlugin({root,app}){
    const devInjection = `
    <script>
        window.process = {env:{NODE_ENV:'development'}}
    </script>
    `
    app.use(async(ctx,next)=>{
        await next();
        if(ctx.response.is('html')){
            const html = await readBody(ctx.body);
            ctx.body = html.replace(/<head>/,`$&${devInjection}`)
        }
    })
}
exports.htmlRewritePlugin = htmlRewritePlugin
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html的head标签中注入脚本

7.处理.vue后缀文件

const {vuePlugin} = require('./serverPluginVue')
const resolvedPlugins = [
    htmlRewritePlugin,
    moduleRewritePlugin,
    moduleResolvePlugin,
    vuePlugin,
    serveStaticPlugin
];
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const path = require('path');
const fs = require('fs').promises;
const { resolveVue } = require('./utils');
const defaultExportRE = /((?:^|\n|;)\s*)export default/

function vuePlugin({ app, root }) {
    app.use(async (ctx, next) => {
        if (!ctx.path.endsWith('.vue')) {
            return next();
        }
        // vue文件处理
        const filePath = path.join(root, ctx.path);
        const content = await fs.readFile(filePath, 'utf8');
        // 获取文件内容
        let { parse, compileTemplate } = require(resolveVue(root).compiler);
        let { descriptor } = parse(content); // 解析文件内容
        if (!ctx.query.type) {
            let code = ``;
            if (descriptor.script) {
                let content = descriptor.script.content;
                let replaced = content.replace(defaultExportRE, '$1const __script =');
                code += replaced;
            }
            if (descriptor.template) {
                const templateRequest = ctx.path + `?type=template`
                code += `\nimport { render as __render } from ${JSON.stringify(
                    templateRequest
                )}`;
                code += `\n__script.render = __render`
            }
            ctx.type = 'js'
            code += `\nexport default __script`;
            ctx.body = code;
        }
        if (ctx.query.type == 'template') {
            ctx.type = 'js';
            let content = descriptor.template.content;
            const { code } = compileTemplate({ source: content });
            ctx.body = code;
        }
    })
}
exports.vuePlugin = vuePlugin;
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在后端将.vue文件进行解析成如下结果

import {reactive} from '/@modules/vue';
const __script = {
  setup() {
    let state = reactive({count:0});
    function click(){
      state.count+= 1
    }
    return {
      state,
      click
    }
  }
}
import { render as __render } from "/src/App.vue?type=template"
__script.render = __render
export default __script
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import { toDisplayString as _toDisplayString, createVNode as _createVNode, Fragment as _Fragment, openBlock as _openBlock, createBlock as _createBlock } from "/@modules/vue"

export function render(_ctx, _cache) {
  return (_openBlock(), _createBlock(_Fragment, null, [
    _createVNode("div", null, "计数器:" + _toDisplayString(_ctx.state.count), 1 /* TEXT */),
    _createVNode("button", {
      onClick: _cache[1] || (_cache[1] = $event => (_ctx.click($event)))
    }, "+")
  ], 64 /* STABLE_FRAGMENT */))
}
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解析后的结果可以直接在createApp方法中进行使用

8.热更新原理