在需要多个操作的时候,会导致多个回调函数嵌套,导致代码不够直观,就是常说的回调地狱
如果几个异步操作之间并没有前后顺序之分,但需要等多个异步操作都完成后才能执行后续的任务,无法实现并行节约时间
Promise本意是承诺,在程序中的意思就是承诺我过一段时间后会给你一个结果。 什么时候会用到过一段时间?答案是异步操作,异步是指可能比较长时间才有结果的才做,例如网络请求、读取本地文件等
then 方法就是用来指定Promise 对象的状态改变时确定执行的操作,resolve 时执行第一个函数(onFulfilled),reject 时执行第二个函数(onRejected)
let promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
if(Math.random()>0.5)
resolve('This is resolve!');
else
reject('This is reject!');
}, 1000);
});
promise.then(Fulfilled,Rejected)
function Promise(fn) {
fn((data)=> {
this.success(data);
}, (error)=> {
this.error();
});
}
Promise.prototype.resolve = function (data) {
this.success(data);
}
Promise.prototype.reject = function (error) {
this.error(error);
}
Promise.prototype.then = function (success, error) {
this.success = success;
this.error = error;
}
class Promise {
constructor(fn) {
fn((data)=> {
this.success(data);
}, (error)=> {
this.error();
});
}
resolve(data) {
this.success(data);
}
reject(error) {
this.error(error);
}
then(success, error) {
this.success = success;
this.error = error;
console.log(this);
}
}
function ajaxPromise (queryUrl) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
let xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open('GET', queryUrl, true);
xhr.send(null);
xhr.onreadystatechange = () => {
if (xhr.readyState === 4) {
if (xhr.status === 200) {
resolve(xhr.responseText);
} else {
reject(xhr.responseText);
}
}
}
});
}
ajaxPromise('http://www.baidu.com')
.then((value) => {
console.log(value);
})
.catch((err) => {
console.error(err);
});
then
可以使用链式调用的写法原因在于,每一次执行该方法时总是会返回一个Promise
对象
readFile('1.txt').then(function (data) {
console.log(data);
return data;
}).then(function (data) {
console.log(data);
return readFile(data);
}).then(function (data) {
console.log(data);
}).catch(function(err){
console.log(err);
});
Promise
实例Promise
实例,这个Promise
实例的状态转移取决于参数的Promise
实例的状态变化。当参数中所有的实例都处于resolve
状态时,返回的Promise
实例会变为resolve
状态。如果参数中任意一个实例处于reject
状态,返回的Promise
实例变为reject
状态。Promise.all([p1, p2]).then(function (result) {
console.log(result); // [ '2.txt', '2' ]
});
不管两个promise谁先完成,Promise.all 方法会按照数组里面的顺序将结果返回
Promise
实例Promise
实例,这个Promise
实例的状态转移取决于参数的Promise
实例的状态变化。当参数中任何一个实例处于resolve
状态时,返回的Promise
实例会变为resolve
状态。如果参数中任意一个实例处于reject
状态,返回的Promise
实例变为reject
状态。Promise.race([p1, p2]).then(function (result) {
console.log(result); // [ '2.txt', '2' ]
});
Promise
实例,这个实例处于resolve
状态。根据传入的参数不同有不同的功能:
resolve
传递出去的值Promise
实例:原封不动返回返回一个Promise
实例,这个实例处于reject
状态。
Q是一个在Javascript中实现promise的模块
var Q = require('q');
var fs = require('fs');
function read(filename) {
var deferred = Q.defer();
fs.readFile(filename,'utf8', function (err, data) {
if(err){
deferred.reject(err);
}else{
deferred.resolve(data);
}
});
return deferred.promise;
}
read('1.txt1').then(function(data){
console.log(data);
},function(error){
console.error(error);
});
module.exports = {
defer(){
var _success,_error;
return {
resolve(data){
_success(data);
},
reject(err){
_error(err);
},
promise:{
then(success,error){
_success = success;
_error = error;
}
}
}
}
}
var defer = function () {
var pending = [], value;
return {
resolve: function (_value) {
if (pending) {
value = _value;
for (var i = 0, ii = pending.length; i < ii; i++) {
var callback = pending[i];
callback(value);
}
pending = undefined;
}
},
promise: {
then: function (callback) {
if (pending) {
pending.push(callback);
} else {
callback(value);
}
}
}
};
};
实现 promise 标准的库是功能最全,速度最快的一个库
var Promise = require('./bluebird');
var readFile = Promise.promisify(require("fs").readFile);
readFile("1.txt", "utf8").then(function(contents) {
console.log(contents);
})
var fs = Promise.promisifyAll(require("fs"));
fs.readFileAsync("1.txt", "utf8").then(function (contents) {
console.log(contents);
})
module.exports = {
promisify(fn){
return function () {
var args = Array.from(arguments);
return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
fn.apply(null, args.concat(function (err) {
if (err) {
reject(err);
} else {
resolve(arguments[1])
}
}));
})
}
},
promisifyAll(obj){
for(var attr in obj){
if(obj.hasOwnProperty(attr) && typeof obj[attr] =='function'){
obj[attr+'Async'] = this.promisify(obj[attr]);
}
}
return obj;
}
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>move</title>
<style>
.square{
width:40px;
height:40px;
}
.square1{
background-color: red;
}
.square2{
background-color: yellow;
}
.square3{
background-color: blue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="square square1" style="margin-left: 0"></div>
<div class="square square2" style="margin-left: 0"></div>
<div class="square square3" style="margin-left: 0"></div>
</body>
<script>
var square1 = document.querySelector('.square1');
var square2 = document.querySelector('.square2');
var square3 = document.querySelector('.square3');
function move(element,target,cb){
setTimeout(function () {
var marginLeft = parseInt(element.style.marginLeft, 10);
if(marginLeft == target){
cb();
}else{
element.style.marginLeft = ++marginLeft+'px';
move(element,target,cb);
}
},13);
}
move(square1,100,function(){
move(square2,100,function(){
move(square3,100);
});
});
</script>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>move</title>
<style>
.square{
width:40px;
height:40px;
}
.square1{
background-color: red;
}
.square2{
background-color: yellow;
}
.square3{
background-color: blue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="square square1" style="margin-left: 0"></div>
<div class="square square2" style="margin-left: 0"></div>
<div class="square square3" style="margin-left: 0"></div>
</body>
<script>
var square1 = document.querySelector('.square1');
var square2 = document.querySelector('.square2');
var square3 = document.querySelector('.square3');
function move(element,target,cb){
setTimeout(function () {
var marginLeft = parseInt(element.style.marginLeft, 10);
if(marginLeft == target){
cb();
}else{
element.style.marginLeft = ++marginLeft+'px';
move(element,target,cb);
}
},13);
}
function animate(element,target){
return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){
move(element,target,resolve);
});
}
animate(square1,100)
.then(function(){
return animate(square2,100);
})
.then(function(){
return animate(square3,100);
});
</script>
</html>
var co = require('co');
co(function* () {
var result = yield Promise.resolve(true);
console.log(result);
var result = yield Promise.resolve(false);
console.log(result);
})
var co = require('co');
var fs = require('fs');
function readFile(filename){
return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){
fs.readFile(filename,'utf8',function(err,data){
if(err){
reject(err);
}else{
resolve(data);
}
})
});
}
co(function* () {
var one = yield readFile('1.txt');
console.log(one);
var two = yield readFile(one);
console.log(two);
})
```javascript module.exports = function(gen){ var it = gen(); next(); function next(data){ var result = it.next(data); if(!result.done){ result.value.then(next); } } } ···